把扩大消费摆在优先位置******
作者:李迅雷(中国首席经济学家论坛副理事长)
党的二十大报告指出,要“着力扩大内需,增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用和投资对优化供给结构的关键作用。”中央经济工作会议提出,2023年经济工作要从战略全局出发,着力扩大国内需求。要把恢复和扩大消费摆在优先位置。增强消费能力,改善消费条件,创新消费场景。多渠道增加城乡居民收入——这一提法非同寻常,充分说明中央对于发挥消费在稳增长中的基础作用给予高度重视。那么,应该如何理解消费对稳增长的重要性,如何把恢复和扩大消费摆在优先位置?如何发挥好增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用?我认为,提高居民整体收入水平,尤其是中低收入群体的收入水平显得非常重要,为此从政府部门、企业部门和居民部门这三大部门的利益分配体制机制改革的角度提出三条建议:
第一,增加国家财政对居民部门的支持力度,稳步提高居民部门可支配收入占GDP的比重。依据国家统计局对居民部门可支配收入抽样调查的数据加以汇总,我国居民收入占GDP的比重历年来都在45%左右,而全球平均水平大约为60%,这是我国消费对GDP贡献相对低的主要原因。最近发布的《扩大内需战略规划纲要(2022—2035年)》也提出要“提高劳动报酬在初次分配中的比重”。近两年来政府通过减税、降费或退税的方式来改善企业的经营环境,支持企业发展,实际上就是政府部门向企业部门转移收入。从目前看,尽管这一方式取得了明显效果,但仍难以从根本上扭转“需求收缩”和“预期转弱”的状况,说明“授人以渔”的方式,受到了“鱼”(需求)不足的约束。不妨采取“放水养鱼”的方式来改进,即政府部门向居民部门转移收入。
可以通过三种方式来进行收入转移:一是定向转移,即定向给低收入群体进行转移支付,如增加低保人群收入补贴,确保他们不返贫。二是提高社会保障水平,如用财政资金加大填补社保第一支柱缺口的力度,同时也进一步扩大企业年金、职业年金和个人养老金等二、三支柱的体量。三是实现普惠制,考虑到地方财政的困难,建议2023年中央财政发行1.5万亿元特别国债,发放消费券。
第二,多渠道增加居民的财产性收入,提高居民的消费底气。二十大报告提出,探索多种渠道增加中低收入群体要素收入,多渠道增加城乡居民财产性收入。为居民部门提供新的增加财产性收入的渠道,这就需要政策支持资本市场发展,在当前权益类资产的估值水平总体偏低的情况下,守住不发生系统性风险的底线,同时积极鼓励机构投资者的长期资金入市,在高水平开放政策下提高外资的入市比例。《扩大内需战略规划纲要》中还提出,要完善股份制企业特别是上市公司分红制度。完善股票发行、信息披露等制度,推动资本市场规范健康发展。创新更多适应家庭财富管理需求的金融产品,增加居民投资收益。探索通过土地、资本等要素使用权、收益权增加中低收入群体要素收入。
第三,积极倡导第三次分配,改善居民部门内部的收入结构,提高中低收入群体的收入占比。我国居民收入结构中,高收入群体的收入占比过高现象长期存在,发展社会慈善事业、鼓励富裕群体捐款非常必要。我国目前社会捐款规模占GDP的比重与全球平均水平相比,差距非常大,故发展空间也很大。通过促进第三次分配规模不断扩大的方式,可以提高中低收入群体的收入水平,从而促进消费。
总之,增加中低收入群体的收入水平,在防疫政策优化的背景下,不仅能够改变需求收缩的现状,还可以提振信心、扭转预期转弱局面。国家把更多的财政资源向居民部门倾斜,比向企业部门倾斜更符合底层逻辑,更有利于稳增长的可持续性。目前,我国的资本形成对GDP的贡献仍在40%左右,大约是全球平均水平的两倍,未来要实现“把扩大消费摆在优先位置”的目标,建议未来最终消费对GDP的平均贡献上升至65%—70%,资本形成对GDP的平均贡献下降至25%—30%。
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
(文图:赵筱尘 巫邓炎) [责编:天天中] 阅读剩余全文() |